98 research outputs found
Quantification of the expected residual dispersion of the MICADO Near-IR imaging instrument
MICADO, a near-infrared imager for the Extremely Large Telescope, is being
designed to deliver diffraction limited imaging and 50 micro arcsecond
(as) astrometric accuracy. MICADO employs an atmospheric dispersion
corrector (ADC) to keep the chromatic elongation of the point spread function
(PSF) under control. We must understand the dispersion and residuals after
correction to reach the optimum performance. Therefore, we identified several
sources of chromatic dispersion that need to be considered for the MICADO ADC.
First, we compared common models of atmospheric dispersion to investigate
whether these models remain suitable for MICADO. We showed that the
differential dispersion between common atmospheric models and integration over
the full atmosphere is less than 10 as for most observations in H-band.
We then performed an error propagation analysis to understand the uncertainty
in the atmospheric dispersion as a function of atmospheric conditions. In
addition, we investigated the impact of photometric color on the astrometric
performance. While the differential refraction between stars within the same
field of view can be significant, the inclusion of an ADC rendered this effect
negligible. For MICADO specifically, we found that the current optomechanical
design dominates the residual dispersion budget of 0.4 milli arcseconds (mas),
with a contribution of 0.31 mas due to the positioning accuracy of the prisms
and up to 0.15 mas due to a mismatch between the dispersive properties of the
glass and the atmosphere. We found no showstoppers in the design of the MICADO
ADC for achieving 50 as relative astrometric accuracy.Comment: Submitted to Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Contains 11 pages and 12 figure
Demonstration of an imaging technique for the measurement of PSF elongation caused by Atmospheric Dispersion
Elongation of the point spread function due to atmospheric dispersion becomes
a severe problem for high resolution imaging instruments, if an atmospheric
dispersion corrector is not present. In this work we report on a novel
technique to measure this elongation, corrected or uncorrected, from imaging
data. By employing a simple diffraction mask it is possible to magnify the
chromatic elongation caused by the atmosphere and thus make it easier to
measure. We discuss the theory and design of such a mask and report on two
proof of concept observations using the 40 cm Gratama telescope at the
University of Groningen. We evaluate the acquired images using a geometric
approach, a forward modelling approach and from a direct measurement of the
length of the point spread function. For the first two methods we report
measurements consistent with atmospheric dispersion models to within 0.5
arcsec. Direct measurements of the elongation do not prove suitable for the
characterisation of atmospheric dispersion. We conclude that the addition of
this type of diffraction mask can be valuable for measurements of PSF
elongation. This can enable high precision correction of atmospheric dispersion
on future instruments.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society. Contains 11 pages, 11 figures, 2 table
Gaussian beam mode analysis of standing waves between two coupled corrugated horns
Abstract—In this paper we present the theoretical analysis of
the effects of standing waves between coupled horn antennas that
can occur in terahertz quasi-optical systems. In particular we illustrate
the approach for the case of two coupled horn antennas as
the distance between them is varied. The full mode matching scattering
matrix approach is based on combining a standard waveguide
mode description of the horn antenna and a quasi-optical
Gaussian beam description of the free space propagation. Track is
kept of both the backward and forward going components of the
propagating fields.We compare theoretical predictions with actual
experimental test results for a quasi-optical system operating at a
frequency of 0.480 THz
Gaussian beam mode analysis of standing waves between two coupled corrugated horns
Abstract—In this paper we present the theoretical analysis of
the effects of standing waves between coupled horn antennas that
can occur in terahertz quasi-optical systems. In particular we illustrate
the approach for the case of two coupled horn antennas as
the distance between them is varied. The full mode matching scattering
matrix approach is based on combining a standard waveguide
mode description of the horn antenna and a quasi-optical
Gaussian beam description of the free space propagation. Track is
kept of both the backward and forward going components of the
propagating fields.We compare theoretical predictions with actual
experimental test results for a quasi-optical system operating at a
frequency of 0.480 THz
Applying Energy Absorption Interferometry to THz direct detectors using photomixers
Detector requirements for far infrared astronomy generally result in devices
which exhibit a few-moded response to incident radiation. The sensitivity and
spatial form of the individual modes to which such a detector is sensitive can
be determined with knowledge of the complex valued cross-spectral density of
the system, which we label the detector response function (DRF). A matrix
representing the discretized cross-spectral density can be measured from the
complex amplitudes of interference fringes generated by two identical sources
as they are independently scanned through the field of view. We provide
experimental verification of this technique using monochromatic THz beams
generated by photomixers in which the relative phase is varied with fiber
stretchers. We use this system to characterize the modal response of a single
pixel from an array of microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs).Comment: in IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology. 202
A novel design for a cryogenic Fabry-PĂ©rot interferometer
The sensitivity of state-of-the-art superconducting far-infrared detectors is such that astronomical observations at these wavelengths are limited by photon noise from the astronomical source unless a method of restricting the spectral bandpass is employed. One such method is to use a high resolution Fabry-PĂ©rot interferometer (FPI) in conjunction with a lower resolution, post dispersing system, such as a grating spectrometer. The resonant wavelength of an FPI is typically tuned by changing the spacing or medium between the parallel reflecting plates of the etalon. We present a novel design in which the wavelength is tuned by scanning the angle of incidence, which simplifies the cryo-mechanical design, actuation and metrology. The effects on the spectral response as a function of incident angle have been simulated and shown to be manageable
Cryogenic characterisation of a permanent magnet stepper motor and its impact on the MICADO atmospheric dispersion corrector
The MICADO atmospheric dispersion corrector (ADC) will be the first ADC built for an astronomical instrument that has to operate in a cryogenic environment (T = 77 K). A detailed understanding of the system behaviour is necessary to maximise the operational lifetime of the planned design concept and to design a suitable controller. The MICADO ADC design features a friction drive concept that is powered by a commercially available permanent magnet stepper motor (PMSM). Here, we report on an extensive characterisation of this PMSM. By matching the experimental results to an analytical description of PMSMs, we obtain a solid foundation to build a complete dynamical model of the ADC system. A prototype of the ADC design concept had already been built and tested at its operational temperature. The results from these tests allowed us to compare the measured and modelled response and discuss the implications. With respect to the motor characterisation, we find no significant performance difference of the tested stepper motor when operated at room temperature, compared to at 77 K. However, we do find that static friction plays a large role in the precise response of the ADC mechanism
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